A new strategy in Physics and Cosmology: the four fundamental interactions unified in four fundamental equations with four fundamental variables (41)

Introduction

Energy cannot be created or destroyed (first law of thermodynamics).

Energy and mass are different forms of the same thing. Energy and mass are interchageable. Under the right conditions energy can  transform into mass  and vice versa (E = MC²). Light forms part of this transformation process.

This short post is an update and a resume of pevious posts as a result of   my adapted interpretation of E = MC²: 1 = S²/T² x M/E (posts 39 and 40).

Equality-Inequality characteristics  

In posts 12, 21, 24, 29, 33, 36, 39 and 40 I have described and explained how mass and energy relate to each other, how they work together and how they oppose each other.

Gravitational interactions and strong interactions are endogenously bound by

1 = S²-/T²+ x M+/E- or 1 = S²+/T²- x M-/E+.

Electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions are endogenously bound by

1 = S²+/T²+ x M+/E+ or 1 = S²-/T²- x M-/E-.

Nota bene: + means increasing, – means decreasing.

Conclusion

I suggest the possibility that the gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions are bound endogenously by the equation 1 = S²/T² x M/E, in which Space, Time, Mass and Energy are fundamental variable properties of the world.

The significance of my suggestion is that gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions are compatible with each other in endogenous processes on both micro and macro levels. Consequently their effects in these processes can be considered resultants.

Update (September 15, 2023)

As explained in post 37 science is strategic, a strategic process. A strategic process is a continuous process requiring a new path/a new course/a new strategy when necessary en route to a better understanding of reality as adaptations to relevant changes as they occur.

The idea of “The Theory of Everything” (there is to know about everything) being reachable is unscientific.

Update (March 20, 2024)

Everything moves, nothing remains still (Heraclitus)

“Nothing cannot happen in space” (Pendapat Saya)

My point:

In reality Ceteris Paribus is unrealistic.

The constancy of the speed of light delusion and some other stuff (40)

Introduction

The not being constant of the speed of light (see post 12) is not a self-contained phenomenon. On the contrary, in our perpetual, continuous endogenous self-sustaining world the inevitable time-differences not only make it impossible for singularities and situations of zero entropy states to exist but also for speeds to be constant. Speeds are either accelerating or decelerating, like the influence of gravitation.

The structure of the universe

The universe is supposed to consist of “dark energy”, “dark matter” and “ordinary matter”. This assumption is unscientific: 1. matter does not matter, mass matters; 2. ordinary energy matters too.

Accelerating masses do emit energy, also Black Holes evaporate, emitting more energy as their masses increase.

The speed of light is not constant.  That which is called the space-time-curvature is not compatible with the not being constant of the speed of light. The process of acceleration respectively deceleration of the influence of gravitation should be reconsidered.

The true source/nature of gravitation is not determined as yet. I still think about the possibility that the effects of gravitational, strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, in mutual coherence, are resultants of processes in which the same agents work togethet in conformity with 1 = S²/T² x M/E (see also posts 39 and 33).

Artificial intelligence

The term artificial intelligence is not scientific. Intelligence cannot be measured. We do measure IQs, but even these results are questionable. Moreover, the applicability of the tests is not generic.

Using the term artificial “intelligence” is understandable from a commercial point of view, but not from a scientific point of view.
Therefore I propose to use the term artificial ingenuity instead of artificial intelligence.

Conclusion

“I could be wrong now but I don’t think so!” (Randy Newman)

In our endogenous world “Free Lunch” is regular in contrast with “Gefundenes Fressen” (39)

Introduction

Space/time is velocity and a continuity. It is not independent of mass and energy, in coherence with time-differences. “Local causality”is an inescapable property of the world.

Entropy is a state of continuous change, stochastic, within the constraint of an universal constant (1 = S²/T² x M/E, my adapted interpretation of Einstein’s E = MC²). Time-differences prevent the emergence of infinities. This endogenous energy-control process makes it impossible for situations like a state of zero entropy and singularities to come into existence. Quanta are redundant.

Perpetual motion

In our endogenous world nothing cammot happen in space.

Looking at the processes going on in the universe endogenously, there is no rest, everything moves.

Examples of human ingenuity like length, width and height do not play a role as they do not work.
Continuously a process is going on of changes in the ratios between Space, Time, Mass and Energy in all directions. There is a continuous transformation or transfer from one form to another.

This endogenous  cosmological process can be characterized as circular and perpetual. Perpetual motion is compatible with perpetual change and therefore with “Free Lunch”.

Conclusion

It’s not a jungle out there in our perpetual, self-sustaining world.

Postscriptum

In economy there is no such thing as a “Free Lunch”, not even in endogenous economical processes.

To be continued.

Is the origin of space an issue? (38)

Introduction

As explained in previous posts the speed of light is independent of the speed of its source and not independent of the mass of the source. Apparently the velocity of propagation of light exists already and is subject to endogenous speed and energy control in space (based on time differences). Actually light is not so much emitted but it is transmitted.

Space/Time

As explained in post 36 Space/Time is velocity. Apparently Space/Time is a continuity which is not independent of mass and energy. “Local causality” is an inescapable property of the world.

Furthermore, as explained in earlier posts, a zero entropy state is an impossibility, just like a singularity (think of for example Black Hole “evaporation”), due to the endogenous speed and energy control in space. To me the essence of Planck’s quantum hypothesis is the impossibility of a zero entropy state. Therefore I consider Planck’s quantum hypothesis paradoxical.

Conclusion

The origin of space is a non-issue. Space just exists. Nothing cannot happen in space.

Space itself is an issue.

Tackling the issue of space

In addition to and in conformity with post 37 and earlier posts I think that tackling the issue of space deserves an alternative, out of the box approach by proposing the following starting points:

• Time as real, fundamental, variable, continuous property of the world;
• The non constancy of the speed of light;
• The difference between endogenous and exogenous processes, meaning that the equivalence principle is incorrect and that the Lorentz transformation does not apply to endogenous processes.

Beware of Belief Bias

1 John 4:1 : there is only one single right source. In science it ain’t necessarily so.

Postscriptum

The alleged Big Bang is only consistent with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity because there is no evidence whatsoever that the Big Bang was not preceded by a “Big Crunch”.

To be continued.

First there is an issue, then there is science (37)

 What’s the issue?

Physics and cosmology have been diverted to dead end tracks for decades now: nothing new under the sun, that is to say nothing new under the Physics Community’s sun.  The issue is to get out of this situation. The problems in Physics and Cosmology are the problens of Physics and Cosmology. On with science!

 Non-issue

God is not an issue. Because of that Creationism/Intelligent Design, Fine-tuning, Anthropic Principle, String Theory, Multiverse(s) and the like are unscientific. Science is to try and reach a better understanding of reality, not to try and reach a better understanding of an idée fixe.

NB, it may be a consolation to know that there are real multiverses like the Bible. The Iliad and the Odyssey are my favourite multiverses; it also may be a stimulation to the sense of justice to realize that the Dinosauric Principle is the same as the Anthropic Principle.

Issue

An issue is strategic, that is to say it is part of a continuous process. Tackling an issue is a strategic process. In a strategic process of tackling an issue with its objective, programme, implementation, starting points and conditions , it is imperative to take care of feedbacks and necessary  adjustments in cases of relevant changes as they occur during the process. Otherwise one may end-up with a Naturalistic Fallacy/an Impasse, as is the case with Physics and Cosmology.

Conclusion

The big issue is that Physics and Cosmology need a methodological renaissance.

Space/Time is velocity (36)

Introduction

In his book “A brief History of time” (Chapter 8, “The Origin and Fate of the Universe”)  Stephen Hawking  describes how in Euclidean Space-Time there is no difference between the directions of time and the directions of space.

The theoretical consequences of this concept imply that freedom of travel of light and for the transmission of energy or information applies to all directions of space-time. Any event therefore, originating in a particular point at a particular moment, will unfold histories from that point and that moment on into each and every direction.

I think Hawking’s idea can help Physics and Cosmology to get out of the impasse they are in and get rid of tunnel visions (see for instance post 26).

In this post I consider the consequences of describing Space-Time from other perspectives than the standard views, about which I have strong doubts, and their compatibility with the Euclidean view.
This post is written within the scope of endogenous changes, leaving exogenous changes out for the sake of proper distinction.

Space-Time

The speed of light is independent of the speed of the source. Apparently the velocity of propagation of light does exist already, being present continuously. As such, being a continuity, it can be considered a fundamental property of the world. Actually the energy in question is not so much emitted, it is transmitted.
As explained in post 12 the speed of light is not constant, it is variable; moreover the speed of light is not independent of the mass of the source and the distance from the source (the space between the source and the energy of the light transmitted),  which implies a change of time.

Looking at the processes going on in the universe endogenously, there is no rest, everything moves and, as explained in previous posts, there is no 0-entropy.
Examples of human contrivance like length, width and height do not play a role. Continuously a process is going on of changes in the ratios between Space, Time, Mass and Energy (see also post 6).

Everything moves, how does it work?
Length, width and height do not work, but Space and Time are taking part  continuously in universal processes in all directions as described above. As such Space stands for distance, no matter in what direction, the same directions of Time in Euclidean Space-Time.

Conclusion

I conclude that in Hawking’s Euclidean SSpace-Time, replacing length, width and height by space,  Space/Time or Space÷Time, works as velocity. By adding Mass and Energy the four dimensions are replaced by four fundamental properties of the world, the true agents of endogenous processes in the universe.

Update (August 18, 2020)

The endogenous processes as meant in this post and  as described in posts 29 and 33 are stochastic within the constraint of the constant C.

Update (April 11, 2021)

Just for the record: dimensions are not agents.

Update (December 11, 2021)

Time is an agent, as dimension it’s an illusion. Space-Time in General Relativity is illusive.

Update (May 21, 2022)

Coordinates as functional specifications in cosmological processes are illusive. Therefore coordinates as technical specifications in cosmological processes are illusive also.

Abacadebris (35)

What happens in the LHC (Large Hadron Collider)? In a  ring-shaped tunnel debris is examined, produced from debris (from the presumed Big Bang) in an exogenous process, that is by means of an input of external energy.

I wonder if the methodology used is leading us to the goals pursued: finding solid answers to questions like “what is the universe made of?”; “how does it behave and why does it behave like that?”; “are there fundamental building blocks and if so, what are they?”; “how do they interact and how do they determine the properties of the universe?”.

So far the results are reasonably n line with the Standard Model of particle physics and Quantum Mechanics, consistent with Special Relativity, but not yet firmly set in General Relativity. Also  theoretical aspects of Supersymmetry (SUSY)/Superpartners  have not yet been dealt with satisfactorily. Furthermore there is no certainty that o-entropy is a possibility. And there is String Theory trying to combine gravity and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions into one theory of particle physics. So far without solid results.

In previous posts I have explained why I think the difference between endogenous and exogenous processes should be taken into account in physics, why I don’t think 0-entropy is a possibility, why I think a singularity is an impossibility  and why I think the Higgs boson is a misconception.

Notwithstanding  still existing  indistinctnesses, the search for the Higgs boson being behind us, already a new goal  has been set to try and test the theory that predicts a whole range of particles that have not been seen yet but would have been produced during the Big Bang. Looks like tunnel vision to me.

As I understand it particle physics seemingly is losing its marbles. What is the nature of what one thinks has been examined, is being examined, is going to be examined? Debris from what?

I cannot but conclude that the Collider’s methodology is abacadebris.

Update (October 8, 2019): considering that particles are mass and waves are energy,  the term particle-wave duality is just another way of expressing that mass and energy are the same.

Gravitational waves in question (34)

Introduction.

The dreaming up and realization of the LIG Observatory is a fantastic achievement, worthy of the Nobel Prize in Physics 2017.

However, questions/problems such as the one about the true nature of gravity, the LIGO “strange noise” observation problem, the NASA observation of a  burst of gamma rays at almost the exact same time as the first LIGO observation  on September 14, 2015, the astrophysical nature of the signals and questions about ripples in a non-existing fabric of space-time , space being as good as empty and time being an illusion, have not as yet been answered/explained satisfactorily. Not to forget the aspects of the speed of propagation of the waves in question.

The claim that gravitational waves have been detected by LIGO seems rather premature. Are there no alternatives to be studied?

An alternative explained.

As suggested in posts 1, 29, 30, 32 and 33, gravity is not the effect of space-time being curved by the division of mass and energy in it, but the combined effects of Time, Space, Mass and Energy as generic, not independent, fully interrelated fundamental variable properties of the world under the constraint of a constant C.
In addition the effects of gravitational interactions are resultants, just like the effects of strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions as they share the same agents Time, Space, Mass and Energy. As such they continuously change each other’s proportions. This means that their effects are subject to varying degrees of randomness.

Consequently gravitational effects can be distinguished as follows: gravitational radiation, observed/detected for the first time by Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, and the effects of Time as explained in post 1.
Nota bene: no Big Bang as a singularity is an impossibility (thermodynamics), variable speed of light (posts 12, 28 and 33), no equivalence principle (incompatibility of endogenous and exogenous processes).

I suggest the possibility that Time effects, given the abovementioned considerations, can be detected if they are short enough and intense enough, for instance as results of a merger of two Black Holes. In this context short enough and intense enough means an enormous change of Time in an extremely short moment. In the process of the merger of two Black Holes (see post 30) Time delays  to extremely slow. In the process of explosion that follows, Time accelerates to extremely fast in an extremely short moment. This very extreme change is reflected in coherent processes.

Gravity is a resultant and so are the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions (33)

As suggested in post 6, Time, Space, Mass and Energy are properties of the world/decisive factors which shape the world endogenously, being generic and not independent, their proportions being fully interrelated, continuously changing each other’s proportions.

As suggested in post 29, gravity and the strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions are  bound endogenously by C=T/M x E/S.
For gravitational and strong interactions this means C=T+/M+ x E-/S- or C=T-/M- x E+/S+. For electromagnetic and weak interactions this means C=T+/M+ x E+/S+ or C=T-/M- x E-/S-.

The consequence of both suggestions is that any change of Time and/or Space and/or Mass and/or Energy  will have some effect on gravitational, strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions. This is a continuous process of changes in Time, Space, Mass and Energy and the ratios between them, continuously affecting results from the gravitational, strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions, causing Time, Space, Mass and Energy to change again etc. In general such changes are rather small, but in areas where they are (very) big, examples that spring to mind are Black Holes, their composite effects must be unmistakable.

Conclusion:
Gravitational , strong, weak and electromagnetic interactions are generic and not independent, their proportions being fully interrelated, continuously  changing each other’s proportions (see for instance post 12). This means that their effects are resultants, sharing the same agents Time, Space, Mass and Energy.

To be continued.

 

Beware of suggestive changes of information (32)

Introduction.

In post 13 (March 2011) I have explained why I think that gravity is not an emergent phenomenon but a continuity, in contrast with Erik Verlinde’s idea of emergent gravity.
n post 31 (September 2016) I have explained why there is always at least almost nothing everywhere.

The idea of emergent gravity means that gravity emerges from the changes of fundamental bits of information. As this process is supposed to abide by the second law of thermodynamics, emergent gravity is also referred to as entropic gravity.

In this post I like to elaborate further on whether gravity abides by the second law of thermodynamics  or whether entropy is gravitational. Also whether gravity is discontinuous or continuous.

Is gravity entropic or is entropy gravitational?

In situations where there is only a wee bit of energy/mass present in the universe time runs extremely fast. As explained in posts 20 and 25 time-differences between for instance the core of a Black Hole and its more outwardly situated areas are enormous, resulting in big differences in temperature and therefore big thermodynamic effects. Time-differences are related to differences in mass and therefore differences in gravitational influence. This means that entropy as thermodynamic property is result of thermodynamic effects caused by differences in gravitational influence. In other words: entropy is gravitational.

Is gravity discontinuous or continuous?

The effects of time-differences also imply that a singularity (a real Black Hole) cannot come into existence nor a state of 0-entropy. Time is variant and continuous, it cannot run infinite fast or infinite slow.  As explained in posts 5 and 6  continuously a process is going on in the universe , everywhere and in each direction, of changes in the ratios between mass, energy, space and time, properties of the world/decisive factors which shape the world endogenously, being generic and not independent, their proportions being fully interrelated, continuously changing each other’s proportions, under the constraint of a constant and continuous C (C=T/M x E/S). Time is continuous, so is gravity and so is entropy as gravitational effect.

Zeno’s paradox of the race between Achilles and the tortoise.

To end this post I like to explain why in Zeno’s paradox of the race between Achilles and the tortoise Achilles can’t even catch up with the tortoise. The way it is made impossible for Achilles to catch up with the tortoise is twofold: the process is made discontinuous  and time delays to infinite slow.

Postscriptum.

I am afraid that emergent has become a buzzword lately, coming in handy as Newtonian “In no time” and Einstein’s “Time is an illusion” are not very helpful in cause-effect process descriptions.

Update (August 11, 2023)

Suggestive changes of information are like make-up, they don’t provide a better view of reality.

Nota bene: this is not a paradox.